THE CLIMATE CLEANUP GROUP HAS UNIVERSAL Carbon Emissions  SOLUTIONS AVAILABLE FOR YOU RIGHT NOW!

We can do something effective, safely and cheaply NOW!

OUR SOLUTIONS for Carbon Emissions and Carbon Emissions

Examples of the Carbon Emissions and Carbon Emissions solutions made possible by our discoveries are given below under the following headings:

RE: Electricity Generating Power Plants click here
RE: Large Motor Vehicles, Trucks and Buses click here
RE: Military Vehicles, Trucks and Aircraft click here

Request Information visit our Inquiry site for Carbon Emissions and Carbon Emissions .

Technical Feasibility / Licensing Quotation visit our Licensing site.

SOLUTIONS for Carbon Emissions and Carbon Emission

RE: Electricity Generating Power Plants for Carbon Emissions and Carbon Emission

 

Highest CO₂ Emitting Power Plants in the World for Carbon Pollution for Carbon Emissions and Carbon Emission

Power generation accounts for about one-quarter of total emissions, the main culprit in global warming.

 

Per Capita CO2 Emissions Globally for Carbon Emissions and Carbon Emission

On a per capita basis, Australians are some of the largest CO2 emitters in the world, producing more than 11 tons of power sector co2 emissions per person every year. Americans aren’t far behind at more than 9 tons per person. Populous developing nations have far lower per capita emissions. For example, the average Chinese citizen produces 2 tons of co2 emissions from power generation annually, and Indians emit about half of one ton per person.

Note that China is currently commissioning one new Electricity Power Plant each and every week!

Why should CO2 be captured and stored?

Frankly, we cannot figure that out.  Seems like building a new bridge to cross the English Channel when one could take the rapid train through the Chunnel.

Well, it is because a lot of people think that is a way to go about it and after all there are 100 year contracts demanded to manage the operation.  Seems very complicated to us and not a workable solution within the 10 to 15 year timeframe we have to save the environment from collapsing.

 

Capture and Storage has a huge environmental footprint and it does not destroy CO2 at all..

If deep reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are required, (to meet the UNFCC goal of stabilization of anthropogenic – manmade - greenhouse gas emissions), then one thing is clear, we must move fast, very fast.

Fortunately, our own device can be easily integrated into existing CO2 Capture Systems and provide the needed boost to cut the bulk of co2 emissions fast.

 

Request Information visit our Inquiry site.

Technical Feasibility / Licensing Quotation visit our Licensing site.

The Primary Fuel Sources responsible for CO2 Emissions are Fossil Fuels

Approximately one third of all co2 emissions due to human activity come from fossil fuels used for generating electricity, with each power plant capable of emitting several million tonnes of co2 emissions annually. A variety of other industrial processes also emit large amounts of co2 emissions from each plant, for example oil refineries, cement works, and iron and steel production.

These emissions could be reduced substantially, without major changes to the basic process, by installation of our co2 emissions Reduction Black Box Device.  This is a truly universal solution as transport and domestic buildings, can also be tackled in the same way regardless of the large number of small sources of co2 emissions .

Alternate methods to capture and store co2 emissions re: Carbon Emissions and Carbon Emission

There are many ways in which Carbon Emissions and Carbon Emission can be reduced, such as increasing the efficiency of power plant or by switching from coal to natural gas. However, most scenarios suggest that these steps alone will not achieve the required reductions in co2 emissions .

The capture and storage of co2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion could play an important part in solving this problem. Widespread use of our co2 emissions Reduction Black Box Device could be achieved without the need for rapid change in the energy supply infrastructure.

In the long-term the world's energy system may have to be based on non-fossil energy sources. Decarbonizing the use of fossil fuels, by capture and storage of co2 emissions , would help the transition to a future carbon-free energy system.  However, Destroying the co2 emissions by using our co2 emissions Reduction Black Box Device will ensure the rapid solution to saving the environment and life as we know it on planet Earth.

 

Request Information visit our Inquiry site.

Technical Feasibility / Licensing Quotation visit our Licensing site.

SOLUTIONS for Carbon Emissions and Carbon Emission

RE: Large Motor Vehicles, Trucks and Buses

Cars and SUV's with high power engines and emitting co2 emissions of 190-400 grams per kilometer can be retrofitted on the post-combustion side with emissions reduced to the currently legislated 120 grams per kilometer CO2 emission limit.

Our Black Box Device Air is an effective and relatively inexpensive technology, mounted down from the co2 emissions source.

For example it can be retrofitted on the exhaust system and it is capable to reduce the co2 emissions from 40% up to 99.9%.

In the case of passenger cars, SUV's or heavy goods vehicles and large off road vehicles the technology of construction and manufacturing does not need to change.

Our device can be mounted onto the existing parts of the vehicle.

 

SOLUTIONS for Carbon Emissions and Carbon Emission

RE: Army, Navy and Military Vehicles and Bases

 

To meet UN Commitments under the Kyoto Protocol governments and Defense Ministries are focusing on reducing the raw co2 emissions output of their Defense Forces - Army, Navy and Air force - and government vehicle fleets.

Additionally military bases, airports and associated electricity power generating plants need decarbonizing.

 

SOLUTIONS for Carbon Emissions and Carbon Emission

RE: Government and Corporate Vehicle Fleets

Our device can radically assist governments world wide in this endeavor to reduce Carbon Emissions and Carbon Emission .

Get your own copy of our CO2 Reduction Industry White Paper, as described below - click here

This FREE GIFT is a comprehensive CO2 Reduction Industry White Paper prepared with decision making in mind to aid in evaluating alternate co2 solutions and available technology.  The paper covers the state of play in the CO2 reduction industry and the analysis of co2 gas emission reduction options. This White Paper will enable you as a decision maker to decide a rapid choice of the most suitable and cost effective CO2 reduction solution for your business. click here

Request Information visit our Inquiry site.

Technical Feasibility / Licensing Quotation visit our Licensing site.

 

The Advocates of Non-optimum Alternatives to Carbon Emissions and Carbon Emission

Today, there are many advocates of delaying needed actions and influencing government and the world's population to wait for the emergence of alternate fuel sources to fossil fuels. 

There is no guarantee whatsoever that the public will not be held to ransom by the suppliers of new fuels as they are currently by the fossil fuel providers.  This is the wrong target. We must act NOW!

 

The point is, it is not necessarily the fuel source that is the cause of the excess carbon dioxide co2 emissions problem.  The actual problem is not acting to destroy the emissions, and this has primarily been because no universal device had been invented and made available to the world capable of reducing the co2 emissions .  Elementary!

Also we have those who advocate bizarre co2 emissions Capture and Storage Options to bury carbon dioxide under the Earth or Oceans.  Incredibly expensive, complex, environmentally damaging and insensitive threats to life forms, and carrying no guarantees of long term viability or sustainability.

HOW DOES IT WORK? We give a detailed account of how we look at and explain the workability of our revolutionary and universal CO2 Emission Reduction Technology and Know-how.  Visit our Technology site for Carbon Emissions and Carbon Emission . Of course "How It Works?" and the opinions one holds fixed are his as they come from his own environment, education and experience.  In The Climate Cleanup Group we need to be practical in our task to actually provide workable Carbon Pollution Destruction Know-how.  We are not wholly theoretical, we prefer to demonstrate the workability of our technology rather than spend time talking about the theory behind it. To save mankind from an environmental disaster of epic proportions we look at all the relevant issues from the viewpoint "Does It Work?"  This is our scientific point of view. "Does It Work?"  We assure you it does!

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are the gases present in the earth's atmosphere which reduce the loss of heat into space and therefore contribute to global temperatures through the greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases are essential to maintaining the temperature of the Earth; without them the planet would be so cold as to be uninhabitable.^[1][2] However, an excess of greenhouse gases can raise the temperature of a planet to lethal levels, as on Venus where the 90 bar partial pressure of carbon dioxide (co2 emissions) contributes to a surface temperature of about 467 °C (872 °F). Greenhouse gases are produced by many natural and industrial processes, which currently result in co2 emissions levels of 380 ppmv in the atmosphere. Based on ice-core samples and records (see graphs) current levels of co2 emissions are approximately 100 ppmv higher than during immediately pre-industrial times, when direct human influence was negligible.

Contents [hide] 1 The greenhouse effect 2 Natural and anthropogenic 3 Anthropogenic greenhouse gases 4 Role of water vapor 5 Greenhouse gas emissions 5.1 Recent rates of change and emission 5.1.1 Asia 5.1.2 United States 5.2 Long-term trend 6 Removal from the atmosphere and global warming potential 6.1 Atmospheric lifetime 6.2 Airborne fraction 6.3 Global warming potential 7 Related effects 8 See also 9 External links 10 References

[edit] The greenhouse effect

Main article: Greenhouse effect

When sunlight reaches the surface of the Earth, some of it is absorbed and warms the surface. Because the Earth's surface is much cooler than the sun, it radiates energy at much longer wavelengths than the sun does, peaking in the infrared at about 10 µm. The atmosphere absorbs these longer wavelengths more effectively than it does the shorter wavelengths from the sun. The absorption of this longwave radiant energy warms the atmosphere; the atmosphere is also warmed by transfer of sensible and latent heat from the surface. Greenhouse gases also emit longwave radiation both upward to space and downward to the surface. The downward part of this longwave radiation emitted by the atmosphere is the "greenhouse effect". The term is a misnomer though, as this process is not the mechanism that warms greenhouses.

On earth, the most abundant greenhouse gases are, in order of relative abundance:

• water vapor
• carbon dioxide
• methane
• nitrous oxide
• ozone
• CFCs

The most important greenhouse gases are:

• water vapor, which causes about 36–70% of the greenhouse effect on Earth. (Note clouds typically affect climate differently from other forms of atmospheric water.)
• carbon dioxide, which causes 9–26%
• methane, which causes 4–9%
• ozone, which causes 3–7%

Note that this is a combination of the strength of the greenhouse effect of the gas and its abundance. For example, methane is a much stronger greenhouse gas than CO₂—about 25 times more heat absorptive, but is present in much smaller concentrations.

It is not possible to state that a certain gas causes a certain percentage of the greenhouse effect, because the influences of the various gases are not additive. (The higher ends of the ranges quoted are for the gas alone; the lower ends, for the gas counting overlaps.)^[3][4] Other greenhouse gases include, but are not limited to, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons (see IPCC list of greenhouse gases). A significant greenhouse gas not yet addressed by the IPCC (or the Kyoto Protocol) is nitrogen trifluoride.^[5]

The major atmospheric constituents (nitrogen, N₂ and oxygen, O₂) are not greenhouse gases. Nor is the approximately 1% of argon, Ar. This is because homonuclear diatomic molecules such as N₂ and O₂ neither absorb nor emit infrared radiation, as there is no net change in the dipole moment of these molecules when they vibrate. Molecular vibrations occur at energies that are of the same magnitude as the energy of the photons on infrared light. Heteronuclear diatomics such as CO or HCl absorb IR; however, these molecules are short-lived in the atmosphere owing to their reactivity and solubility. As a consequence they do not contribute significantly to the greenhouse effect.

Late 19th century scientists experimentally discovered that N₂ and O₂ did not absorb infrared radiation (called, at that time, "dark radiation") and that co2 emissions and many other gases did absorb such radiation. It was recognized in the early 20th century that the known major greenhouse gases in the atmosphere caused the earth's temperature to be higher than it would have been without the greenhouse gases.

[edit] Natural and anthropogenic

Most greenhouse gases have both natural and anthropogenic sources. During the pre-industrial holocene, concentrations of these gases were roughly constant. Since the industrial revolution, concentrations of all the long-lived greenhouse gases have increased due to human actions.^[6]

Gas	Preindustrial Level	Current Level	Increase since 1750	Radiative forcing (W/m2)
Carbon dioxide	280 ppm	384ppm	104 ppm	1.46
Methane	700 ppb	1,745 ppb	1,045 ppb	0.48
Nitrous oxide	270 ppb	314 ppb	44 ppb	0.15
CFC-12	0	533 ppt	533 ppt	0.17

Ice cores provide evidence for variation in greenhouse gas concentrations over the past 800,000 years. Both co2 emissions and CH₄ vary between glacial and interglacial phases, and concentrations of these gases correlate strongly with temperature. Before the ice core record, direct measurements do not exist. Various proxies and modelling suggests large variations; 500 Myr ago co2 emissions levels were likely 10 times higher than now.^[7] Indeed higher co2 emissions concentrations are thought to have prevailed throughout most of the Phanerozoic eon, with concentrations four to six times current concentrations during the Mesozoic era, and ten to fifteen times current concentrations during the early Palaeozoic era until the middle of the Devonian period, about 400 Mya.^[8][9][10] The spread of land plants is thought to have reduced co2 emissions concentrations during the late Devonian, and plant activities as both sources and sinks of co2 emissions have since been important in providing stabilising feedbacks.^[11] Earlier still, a 200-million year period of intermittent, widespread glaciation extending close to the equator (Snowball Earth) appears to have been ended suddenly, about 550 Mya, by a colossal volcanic outgassing which raised the co2 emissions concentration of the atmosphere abruptly to 12%, about 350 times modern levels, causing extreme greenhouse conditions and carbonate deposition as limestone at the rate of about 1mm per day.^[12] This episode marked the close of the Precambrian eon, and was succeeded by the generally warmer conditions of the Phanerozoic, during which multicellular animal and plant life evolved. No volcanic carbon dioxide emission of comparable scale has occurred since. In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are only about 1% of emissions from human sources.^[12][13]

[edit] Anthropogenic greenhouse gases

Since about 1750 human activity has increased the concentration of carbon dioxide and of some other important greenhouse gases.^[14] Natural sources of carbon dioxide are more than 20 times greater than sources due to human activity,^[15] but over periods longer than a few years natural sources are closely balanced by natural sinks such as weathering of continental rocks and photosynthesis of carbon compounds by plants and marine plankton. As a result of this balance, the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide remained between 260 and 280 parts per million for the 10,000 years between the end of the last glacial maximum and the start of the industrial era.^[16]

Some of the main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity include:

• burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations. Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic co2 emissions .^[16]
• livestock enteric fermentation and manure management,^[17] paddy rice farming, land use and wetland changes, pipeline losses, and covered vented landfill emissions leading to higher methane atmospheric concentrations. Many of the newer style fully vented septic systems that enhance and target the fermentation process also are sources of atmospheric methane.
• use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in refrigeration systems, and use of CFCs and halons in fire suppression systems and manufacturing processes.
• agricultural activities, including the use of fertilizers, that lead to higher nitrous oxide concentrations.

The seven sources of co2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion are (with percentage contributions for 2000–2004):^[18]

1. Solid fuels (e.g. coal): 35%
2. Liquid fuels (e.g. gasoline): 36%
3. Gaseous fuels (e.g. natural gas): 20%
4. Flaring gas industrially and at wells: <1%
5. Cement production: 3%
6. Non-fuel hydrocarbons: <1%
7. The "international bunkers" of shipping and air transport not included in national inventories: 4%

The U.S. EPA ranks the major greenhouse gas contributing end-user sectors in the following order: industrial, transportation, residential, commercial and agricultural^[19]. Major sources of an individual's GHG include home heating and cooling, electricity consumption, and transportation. Corresponding conservation measures are improving home building insulation, compact fluorescent lamps and choosing energy-efficient vehicles.

Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride, HFCs, and PFCs) are the major greenhouse gases and the subject of the Kyoto Protocol, which came into force in 2005.^[20]

Although CFCs are greenhouse gases, they are regulated by the Montreal Protocol, which was motivated by CFCs' contribution to ozone depletion rather than by their contribution to global warming. Note that ozone depletion has only a minor role in greenhouse warming though the two processes often are confused in the media.

[edit] Role of water vapor

Water vapor is a naturally occurring greenhouse gas and accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66%.^[21] Water vapor concentrations fluctuate regionally, but human activity does not directly affect water vapor concentrations except at local scales (for example, near irrigated fields).

The Clausius-Clapeyron relation establishes that warmer air can hold more water vapor per unit volume. Current state-of-the-art climate models predict that increasing water vapor concentrations in warmer air will amplify the greenhouse effect created by anthropogenic greenhouse gases while maintaining nearly constant relative humidity. Thus water vapor acts as a positive feedback to the forcing provided by greenhouse gases such as co2 emissions .^[22]

[edit] Greenhouse gas emissions

Main article: List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions

Measurements from Antarctic ice cores show that just before industrial emissions started, atmospheric co2 emissions levels were about 280 parts per million by volume (ppm; the units µL/L are occasionally used and are identical to parts per million by volume). From the same ice cores it appears that co2 emissions concentrations stayed between 260 and 280 ppm during the preceding 10,000 years. However, because of the way air is trapped in ice and the time period represented in each ice sample analised, these figures are long term averages not annual levels. Studies using evidence from stomata of fossilized leaves suggest greater variability, with co2 emissions levels above 300 ppm during the period 7,000–10,000 years ago,^[23] though others have argued that these findings more likely reflect calibration/contamination problems rather than actual co2 emissions variability.^[24][25]

Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the concentrations of many of the greenhouse gases have increased. The concentration of co2 emissions has increased by about 100 ppm (i.e., from 280 ppm to 380 ppm). The first 50 ppm increase took place in about 200 years, from the start of the Industrial Revolution to around 1973; the next 50 ppm increase took place in about 33 years, from 1973 to 2006.^[26]. Many observations are available online in a variety of Atmospheric Chemistry Observational Databases. The greenhouse gases with the largest radiative forcing are:

Relevant to radiative forcing

Gas	Current (1998) Amount by volume	Increase over pre-industrial (1750)	Percentage increase	Radiative forcing (W/m²)
Carbon dioxide	365 ppm {383 ppm(2007.01)}	87 ppm {105 ppm(2007.01)}	31% {37.77%(2007.01)}	1.46 {~1.532 (2007.01)}
Methane	1,745 ppb	1,045 ppb	150%	0.48
Nitrous oxide	314 ppb	44 ppb	16%	0.15

Relevant to both radiative forcing and ozone depletion; all of the following have no natural sources and hence zero amounts pre-industrial

Gas	Current (1998) Amount by volume	Radiative forcing (W/m²)
CFC-11	268 ppt	0.07
CFC-12	533 ppt	0.17
CFC-113	84 ppt	0.03
Carbon tetrachloride	102 ppt	0.01
HCFC-22	69 ppt	0.03

(Source: IPCC radiative forcing report 1994 updated (to 1998) by IPCC TAR table 6.1 [6] [7]).

[edit] Recent rates of change and emission

The sharp acceleration in co2 emissions since 2000 of >3% y⁻¹ (>2 ppm y⁻¹) from 1.1% y⁻¹ during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations. Although over 3/4 of cumulative anthropogenic co2 emissions is still attributable to the developed world, China was responsible for most of global growth in emissions during this period. Localised plummeting emissions associated with the collapse of the Soviet Union have been followed by slow emissions growth in this region due to more efficient energy use, made necessary by the increasing proportion of it that is exported.^[18] In comparison, methane has not increased appreciably, and N₂O by 0.25% y⁻¹.^[27]

The direct emissions from industry have declined due to a constant improvement in energy efficiency, but also to a high penetration of electricity. If one includes indirect emissions, related to the production of electricity, CO2 emissions from industry in Europe are roughly stabilized since 1994. ^[28]

[edit] Asia

Atmospheric levels of co2 emissions have set another new peak, partly a sign of the industrial rise of Asian economies led by China.^[29] Over the 2000-2010 interval China is expected to increase its carbon dioxide emissions by 600 Mt, largely because of the rapid construction of old-fashioned power plants in poorer internal provinces.^[30]

[edit] United States

Main articles: Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States and United States federal register of greenhouse gas emissions

The United States emitted 16.3% more GHG in 2005 than it did in 1990.^[31] According to a preliminary estimate by the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, the largest national producer of co2 emissions since 2006 has been China with an estimated annual production of about 6200 megatonnes. China is followed by the United States with about 5,800 megatonnes. However the per capita emission figures of China are still about one quarter of those of the US population.

Relative to 2005, China's fossil co2 emissions increased in 2006 by 8.7%, while in the USA, comparable co2 emissions decreased in 2006 by 1.4%. The agency notes that its estimates do not include some co2 emissionssources of uncertain magnitude.^[32] These figures rely on national co2 emissions data that do not include aviation. Although these tonnages are small compared to the co2 emissions in the Earth's atmosphere, they are significantly larger than pre-industrial levels.

[edit] Long-term trend

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is increasing at an increasing rate. In the 1960s, the average annual increase was only 37% of what it was in 2000 through 2007.^[33]

[edit] Removal from the atmosphere and global warming potential

Aside from water vapor, which has a residence time of days, most greenhouse gases take many years to leave the atmosphere. Although it is not easy to know with precision how long it takes greenhouse gases to leave the atmosphere, there are estimates for the principal greenhouse gases.

Greenhouse gases can be removed from the atmosphere by various processes:

• as a consequence of a physical change (condensation and precipitation remove water vapor from the atmosphere).
• as a consequence of chemical reactions within the atmosphere. This is the case for methane. It is oxidized by reaction with naturally occurring hydroxyl radical, OH· and degraded to co2 emissions and water vapor at the end of a chain of reactions (the contribution of the co2 emissions from the oxidation of methane is not included in the methane Global warming potential). This also includes solution and solid phase chemistry occurring in atmospheric aerosols.
• as a consequence of a physical interchange at the interface between the atmosphere and the other compartments of the planet. An example is the mixing of atmospheric gases into the oceans at the boundary layer.
• as a consequence of a chemical change at the interface between the atmosphere and the other compartments of the planet. This is the case for co2 emissions , which is reduced by photosynthesis of plants, and which, after dissolving in the oceans, reacts to form carbonic acid and bicarbonate and carbonate ions (see ocean acidification).
• as a consequence of a photochemical change. Halocarbons are dissociated by UV light releasing Cl· and F· as free radicals in the stratosphere with harmful effects on ozone (halocarbons are generally too stable to disappear by chemical reaction in the atmosphere).
• as a consequence of dissociative ionization caused by high energy cosmic rays or lightning discharges, which break molecular bonds. For example, lightning forms N anions from N₂ which then react with O₂ to form NO₂.

[edit] Atmospheric lifetime

Jacob (1999)^[34] defines the lifetime τ of an atmospheric species X in a one-box model as the average time that a molecule of X remains in the box. Mathematically τ can be defined as the ratio of the mass m (in kg) of X in the box to its removal rate, which is the sum of the flow of X out of the box (F_out), chemical loss of X (L), and deposition of X (D) (all in kg/sec): ^[34]

The atmospheric lifetime of a species therefore measures the time required to restore equilibrium following an increase in its concentration in the atmosphere. Individual atoms or molecules may be lost or deposited to sinks such as the soil, the oceans and other waters, or vegetation and other biological systems, reducing the excess to background concentrations. The average time taken to achieve this is the mean lifetime. The atmospheric lifetime of co2 emissions is often incorrectly stated to be only a few years because that is the average time for any co2 emissions molecule to stay in the atmosphere before being removed by mixing into the ocean, photosynthesis, or other processes. However, this ignores the balancing fluxes of CO_{2 emissions} into the atmosphere from the other reservoirs. It is the net concentration changes of the various greenhouse gases by all sources and sinks that determines atmospheric lifetime, not just the removal processes.

Examples of the atmospheric lifetime and GWP for several greenhouse gases include:

• CO₂ has a variable atmospheric lifetime, and cannot be specified precisely.^[35] Recent work indicates that recovery from a large input of atmospheric CO₂ from burning fossil fuels will result in an effective lifetime of tens of thousands of years.^[36][37] Carbon dioxide is defined to have a GWP of 1 over all time periods.
• Methane has an atmospheric lifetime of 12 ± 3 years and a GWP of 62 over 20 years, 23 over 100 years and 7 over 500 years. The decrease in GWP associated with longer times is associated with the fact that the methane is degraded to water and CO₂ by chemical reactions in the atmosphere.
• Nitrous oxide has an atmospheric lifetime of 120 years and a GWP of 296 over 100 years.
• CFC-12 has an atmospheric lifetime of 100 years and a GWP of 10600 over 100 years.
• HCFC-22 has an atmospheric lifetime of 12.1 years and a GWP of 1700 over 100 years.
• Tetrafluoromethane has an atmospheric lifetime of 50,000 years and a GWP of 5700 over 100 years.
• Sulfur hexafluoride has an atmospheric lifetime of 3,200 years and a GWP of 22000 over 100 years.

Source: IPCC, table 6.7.

The use of CFC-12 (except some essential uses) has been phased out due to its ozone depleting properties^[38]. The phasing-out of less active HCFC-compounds will be completed in 2030^[39].

[edit] Airborne fraction

Airborne fraction (AF) is the proportion of a emission (e.g. CO_{2 emissions} ) remaining in the atmosphere after a specified time. Canadell (2007)^[40] define the annual AF as the ratio of the atmospheric CO_{2 emissions} increase in a given year to that year’s total emissions, and calculate that of the average 9.1 PgC y^-1 of total anthropogenic emissions from 2000 to 2006, the AF was 0.45. For CO_{2 emissions} the AF over the last 50 years (1956-2006) has been increasing at 0.25±0.21%/year.^[40]

[edit] Global warming potential

The global warming potential (GWP) depends on both the efficiency of the molecule as a greenhouse gas and its atmospheric lifetime. GWP is measured relative to the same mass of CO_{2 emissions} and evaluated for a specific timescale. Thus, if a molecule has a high GWP on a short time scale (say 20 years) but has only a short lifetime, it will have a large GWP on a 20 year scale but a small one on a 100 year scale. Conversely, if a molecule has a longer atmospheric lifetime than CO_{2 emissions} its GWP will increase with time.

[edit] Related effects

Carbon monoxide has an indirect radiative effect by elevating concentrations of methane and tropospheric ozone through scavenging of atmospheric constituents (e.g., the hydroxyl radical, OH) that would otherwise destroy them. Carbon monoxide is created when carbon-containing fuels are burned incompletely. Through natural processes in the atmosphere, it is eventually oxidized to carbon dioxide. Carbon monoxide has an atmospheric lifetime of only a few months^[41] and as a consequence is spatially more variable than longer-lived gases.

Another potentially important indirect effect comes from methane, which in addition to its direct radiative impact also contributes to ozone formation. Shindell et al (2005)^[42] argue that the contribution to climate change from methane is at least double previous estimates as a result of this effect.^[43]

[edit] See also

[edit] External links